Kinin B2-Receptor in human iPSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes / Receptor B2 de cininas na diferenciação de iPSC humanas em cardiomiócitos

Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for almost one third of all global deaths yearly, and therefore are largely studied. Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM) have emerged as an exciting technology for cardiac disease modelling and personalised therapy. Nevertheless, issues concerning functional and molecular maturation are still faced. In addition to this, differentiation protocols generally yield a heterogeneous mixed population comprised of nodal, atrial and ventricular-like subtypes, being unsuitable for therapeutic purposes. Bradykinin (BK) is a vasoactive peptide which exerts important physiological roles in the cardiovascular system, having been previously described as important for cellular, keratinocyte and skeletal muscle differentiation. This project performed in cooperation with PluriCell Biotech, a startup specialized in the production and differentiation of hiPSC-CM, has sought (1) characterizing gene and protein expression of molecular markers of maturation and of subtype specification throughout of differentiation; (2) Assessing the electrical functionality of hiPSC-CM through the characterization of subtype-specific action potentials (APs) and (3) Investigating whether the progress of hiPSCCM maturation is regulated by BK through kinin-B2 receptors (B2R). Our results have validated the model that proposes a developmental-dependent switch between skeletal (ssTnI) and cardiac (cTnI) isoforms of troponin I as differentiation progresses, at least to some extent. Furthermore, prolonged time in culture has resulted in higher levels of expression of the ventricular marker MLC2v and in increased rates of ventricular-like action APs. Electrophysiological analysis of hiPSC-CM reveals a mixed population with AP morphologies correspondent to nodal, atrial and ventricular subtypes, all showing pronounced automaticity as well as other features of immature cardiomyocytes, such as low amplitude and depolarization velocity. Such findings are coherent with those from other groups who have attempted to differentiate mature native-like cardiac cells from pluripotent stem cells sources, without fully succeeding. After showing that differentiating hiPSC-CM express a functional and responsive B2R, the receptor was subjected to chronic activation with 10µM BK and 1µM BK or inhibition with 5µM Firazyr+BK. Even though B2R modulation has not interfered negatively with differentiation yields nor cell morphology, analysis of gene andprotein expression of ssTnI or cTnI and of the ventricular marker MLC2v, have revealed no significant results in comparison to untreated controls. This suggests that BK does not interfere on hiPSC-CM maturation nor subtype specification, although we cannot rule out that it could be leading to other unexplored effects. We recommend a closer look into which intracellular signalling pathways become active upon B2R stimulation in hiPSC-CM, in order to narrow down cellular processes for further investigation

Doenças cardiovasculares são responsáveis por quase um terço de todas as mortes globais anualmente, e por isto o sistema cardiovascular é amplamente estudado. Cardiomiócitos derivados a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas humanas (hiPSCCM) emergiram como uma promissora tecnologia para modelagem de doenças cardíacas e terapia personalizada. No entanto, desafios acerca de sua maturação funcional e molecular ainda são enfrentados. Além disso, protocolos de diferenciação geralmente levam à obtenção de populações heterogêneas contendo células com fenótipos similares aos de cardiomiócitos nodais, atriais e ventriculares sendo, portanto, inapropriadas para fins terapêuticos. A bradicinina (BK) é um peptídio vasoativo que exerce importantes papeis fisiológicos no sistema cardiovascular, além de ter sido previamente descrita como importante para a diferenciação neuronal, de queratinócitos e de músculo esquelético. Este projeto foi realizado em colaboração com a empresa PluriCell Biotech, uma startup especializada na produção e diferenciação de hiPSC-CM, e buscou (1) caracterizar a expressão gênica e proteíca de marcadores moleculares de maturação e de especificação de subtipos cardíacos durante a diferenciação; (2) avaliar a funcionalidade elétrica de hiPSC-CM por meio da caracterização de seus potenciais de ação (PAs) e (3) Investigar se o progresso da diferenciação de hiPSCCM é regulado por bradicinina por meio do receptor B2 (B2R). Nossos resultados validaram o modelo que propõe um switch na expressão das isoformas funcionais de troponina I esquelética (ssTnI) e cardíaca (cTnI), durante o desenvolvimento e diferenciação celular, pelo menos parcialmente. Além disso, tempo prolongado em cultura resultou em maiores níveis de expressão do marcador ventricular MLC2v, assim como maiores frequências de PAs com morfologias similares a de cardiomiócitos ventriculares. Análise eletrofisiológica de hiPSCCM revelam a existência de uma população mista contendo PAs correspondentes aos subtipos nodais, atriais e ventriculares, assim como pronunciada automaticidade e outros atributos típicos de cardiomiócitos imaturos, como baixa amplitude e devagar velocidade de despolarização. Estes resultados são coerentes com os de outros grupos que ainda não foram totalmente bem-sucedidos em diferenciar células cardíacas maduras similares acardiomiócitos nativos a partir de células-troncos pluripotentes. Após mostrar que as hiPSCCM expressam receptores B2 funcionais e responsivos, submetemos o receptor a uma ativação crônica com BK 10µM e BK 1µM ou inibição crônica com Firazyr 5µM + BK. Apesar da modulação do B2R não ter interferido de forma negativa no rendimento da diferenciação ou na morfologia celular, análise de expressão gênica e proteica de ssTnI e cTnI e do marcador ventricular MLC2v não revelou resultados significativos em comparação aos controles não-tratados. Isto sugere que a BK não interfere na maturação e especificação de subtipos cardíacos em hiPSC-CM, apesar de não podermos ignorar o fato de que ela poderia estar desencadeando outros efeitos inexplorados. Nós recomendamos um estudo mais aprofundado acerca de quais vias de sinalização se tornam ativas após estimulação do receptor B2 em hiPSC-CM, com o objetivo de afunilar quais processos celulares poderiam ser investigados em uma próxima etapa deste estudo

TNNI3K is a novel mediator of myofilament function and phosphorylates cardiac troponin I

The phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) plays an important role in the contractile dysfunction associated with heart failure. Human cardiac troponin I-interacting kinase (TNNI3K) is a novel cardiac-specific functional kinase that can bind to cTnI in a yeast two-hybrid screen. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether TNNI3K can phosphorylate cTnI at specific sites and to examine whether the phosphorylation of cTnI caused by TNNI3K can regulate cardiac myofilament contractile function. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to confirm that TNNI3K could interact with cTnI. Kinase assays further indicated that TNNI3K did not phosphorylate cTnI at Ser23/24 and Ser44, but directly phosphorylated Ser43 and Thr143 in vitro. The results obtained for adult rat cardiomyocytes also indicated that enhanced phosphorylation of cTnI at Ser43 and Thr143 correlated with rTNNI3K (rat TNNI3K) overexpression, and phosphorylation was reduced when rTNNI3K was knocked down. To determine the contractile function modulated by TNNI3K-mediated phosphorylation of cTnI, cardiomyocyte contraction was studied in adult rat ventricular myocytes. The contraction of cardiomyocytes increased with rTNNI3K overexpression and decreased with rTNNI3K knockdown. We conclude that TNNI3K may be a novel mediator of cTnI phosphorylation and contribute to the regulation of cardiac myofilament contraction function.

Expressão imunoistoquímica de diferenciação e crescimento celular em cardiomiócitos de neonatos / Immunohistochemical expression of cell differentiation and growth in neonate cardiomyocytes

FUNDAMENTO: As alterações cardíacas na fase de transição do coração fetal para a vida extrauterina vêm sendo exploradas por inúmeras pesquisas em animais, e os mecanismos celulares responsáveis por essas modificações ainda não estão bem documentado em seres humanos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o mecanismo de diferenciação celular em cardiomiócitos ocorridas nos primeiros dias de vida, por meio da análise imunoistoquímica de proteínas envolvidas com processos de proliferação e contração muscular, em amostras de miocárdio de recém-natos humanos. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal de amostras parafinadas de miocárdio provenientes de banco de necropsias de recémnascidos humanos, divididos em dois grupos amostrais: recém-nascidos a termo que foram a óbito com no máximo dois dias de vida (NEO1) com 10 casos, e recém- nascidos a termo que foram a óbito entre três e 10 dias de vida (NEO2) com 14 casos, a fim de seguir uma linha de tempo que contemplasse a fase de transição da circulação fetal a vida extrauterina. As amostras foram estudadas em tissue microarray e os anticorpos utilizados foram o Ki67, PCNA, PTEN, Bcl2 (proliferação) e HHF35 e actina sarcomérica (proteínas contráteis). RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada diferença com o Ki67 p = 0,02, HHF35 p < 0,01 e actina sarcomérica p = 0,02, e a expressão do Ki67 foi mais alta no grupo NEO1 e a expressão do HHF35 e da actina sarcomérica foi mais alta no grupo NEO2. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que os cardiomiócitos apresentam uma característica proliferativa (Ki67) nos NEO1 e que essa vai, seguindo uma linha temporal, sendo substituída por um caráter de diferenciação (HHF35 e actina sarcomérica) nos NEO2.

BACKGROUND: The cardiac alterations during the fetal heart transition to extrauterine life have been explored by several animal studies and the cell mechanisms responsible for these modifications are not well documented in humans. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mechanism of cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes that occur in the first days of life, through immunohistochemical analysis of proteins involved in proliferation and muscle contraction processes, in samples of human neonate myocardium. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of paraffin-sample sections of myocardium from an autopsy database of human neonates, divided into two sample groups: full-term neonates who died after a maximum of two days of life (NEO1) with 10 cases, and full-term infants who died between 3 and 10 days of life (NEO2) with 14 cases, in order to follow a temporal line that would contemplate the transition from fetal circulation to extrauterine life. The samples were studied in tissue microarray and the antibodies used were Ki67, PCNA, PTEN, Bcl2 (proliferation), HHF35 and sarcomeric actin (contractile proteins). RESULTS: Difference was observed regarding Ki67, p = 0.02; HHF35, p <0.01 and sarcomeric actin, p = 0.02, with Ki67 expression being higher in NEO1 group, whereas HHF35 and sarcomeric actin expression was higher in the NEO2 group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that cardiomyocytes have a proliferation characteristic (Ki67) in NEO1 which, following a temporal line, will be replaced by a differentiation characteristic (HHF35 and sarcomeric actin) in NEO2.

Gap junction reduction in cardiomyocytes following transforming growth factor-â treatment and Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Gap junction connexin-43 (Cx43) molecules are responsible for electrical impulse conduction in the heart and are affected by transforming growth factor-â (TGF-â). This cytokine increases during Trypanosoma cruzi infection, modulating fibrosis and the parasite cell cycle. We studied Cx43 expression in cardiomyocytes exposed or not to TGF-â T. cruzi, or SB-431542, an inhibitor of TGF-â receptor type I (ALK-5). Cx43 expression was also examined in hearts with dilated cardiopathy from chronic Chagas disease patients, in which TGF-â signalling had been shown previously to be highly activated. We demonstrated that TGF-â treatment induced disorganised gap junctions in non-infected cardiomyocytes, leading to a punctate, diffuse and non-uniform Cx43 staining. A similar pattern was detected in T. cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes concomitant with high TGF-â secretion. Both results were reversed if the cells were incubated with SB-431542. Similar tests were performed using human chronic chagasic patients and we confirmed a down-regulation of Cx43 expression, an altered distribution of plaques in the heart and a significant reduction in the number and length of Cx43 plaques, which correlated negatively with cardiomegaly. We conclude that elevated TGF-â levels during T. cruzi infection promote heart fibrosis and disorganise gap junctions, possibly contributing to abnormal impulse conduction and arrhythmia that characterise severe cardiopathy in Chagas disease.

Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces up-regulation of cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in vivo and in vitro

The pathogenesis of chagasic cardiomyopathy is not completely understood, but it has been correlated with parasympathetic denervation (neurogenic theory) and inflammatory activity (immunogenic theory) that could affect heart muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) expression. In order to further understand whether neurogenic and/or immunogenic alterations are related to changes in mAChR expression, we studied two models of Trypanosoma cruzi infection: 1) in 3-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats chronically infected with T. cruzi and 2) isolated primary cardiomyocytes co-cultured with T. cruzi and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Using [³H]-quinuclidinylbenzilate ([³H]-QNB) binding assays, we evaluated mAChR expression in homogenates from selected cardiac regions, PBMC, and cultured cardiomyocytes. We also determined in vitro protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in serum and cell culture medium by ELISA. Our results showed that: 1) mAChR were significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated in right ventricular myocardium (means ± SEM; control: 58.69 ± 5.54, N = 29; Chagas: 72.29 ± 5.79 fmol/mg, N = 34) and PBMC (control: 12.88 ± 2.45, N = 18; Chagas: 20.22 ± 1.82 fmol/mg, N = 19), as well as in cardiomyocyte transmembranes cultured with either PBMC/T. cruzi co-cultures (control: 24.33 ± 3.83; Chagas: 43.62 ± 5.08 fmol/mg, N = 7 for both) or their conditioned medium (control: 37.84 ± 3.84, N = 4; Chagas: 54.38 ± 6.28 fmol/mg, N = 20); 2) [³H]-leucine uptake was increased in cardiomyocytes co-cultured with PBMC/T. cruzi-conditioned medium (Chagas: 21,030 ± 2321; control 10,940 ± 2385 dpm, N = 7 for both; P < 0.05); 3) plasma IL-6 was increased in chagasic rats, IL-1â, was increased in both plasma of chagasic rats and in the culture medium, and TNF-á level was decreased in the culture medium. In conclusion, our results suggest that cytokines are involved in the up-regulation of mAChR in chronic Chagas disease.

Modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release by calsequestrin in cardiac myocytes

Calsequestrin (CASQ2) is a high capacity Ca-binding protein expressed inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Mutations in the cardiac calsequestrin gene (CASQ2) have been linked to arrhythmias and sudden death induced by exercise and emotional stress. We have studied the function of CASQ2 and the consequences of arrhythmogenic CASQ2 mutations on intracellular Ca signalling using a combination of approaches of reverse genetics and cellular physiology in adult cardiac myocytes. We have found that CASQ2 is an essential determinant of the ability of the SR to store and release Ca2+ in cardiac muscle. CASQ2 serves as a reservoir for Ca2+ that is readily accessible for Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) and also as an active Ca2+ buffer that modulates the local luminal Ca-dependent closure of the SR Ca2+ release channels. At the same time, CASQ2 stabilizes the CICR process by slowing the functional recharging of SR Ca2+ stores. Abnormal restitution of the Ca2+ release channels from a luminal Ca-dependent refractory state could account for ventricular arrhythmias associated with mutations in the CASQ2 gene.